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The Prussian deportations (or Prussian expulsions, (ポーランド語:rugi pruskie)) were mass expulsions of ethnic Poles (and, to a lesser extent, Jews) from Prussia in between 1885–1890. More than 30,000 Poles with Austrian or Russian citizenship were deported from the Prussian part of divided Poland to the respective Austrian and Russian occupation zones. The deportations were carried out in an inhumane way, and were based on ethnic discrimination principles. The county-wide expulsion was condemned by the Polish public as well as the federal German parliament. The expulsion also contributed to the worsening of the German-Russian relations. In the aftermath, Poles without German citizenship were again allowed to work and reside in the German Empire in all seasons but the winter. It is regarded as an early example of ethnic cleansing.〔Bismarck - Page 235 E. J. Feuchtwanger - 2002 'It was an early example of ethnic cleansing and what makes it in retrospect look even worse was that Bismarck exploited it ruthlessly and deliberately to stir up national feeling against his domestic opponents'〕 ==The expulsion order of 1885 and its implementation== Agriculture in the eastern provinces of Prussia was to a high degree based on large-area manors (often requisitioned from their formerly Polish owners) and run by German junkers, who employed thousands of migrating Poles from the Russian and Austrian part of partitioned Poland. Also, the growing industrial region of Upper Silesia attracted workers from economically backward areas. At the same time, parts of the local German and Polish population migrated in search of work to more industrialized western areas of Germany (''Ostflucht''). Although no anti-German political activity among the Polish migrants was ever noted, the resulting increase of the Polish population alarmed nationalist German circles, including Germany's chancellor Otto von Bismarck. On 26 March 1885, the ministry of internal affairs of Prussia ordered its provincial authorities to expel abroad all ethnic Poles and Jews holding Russian citizenship. In July 1885, the expulsion order was extended to include Polish Austrian citizens also. Additionally, the authorities were obliged to watch, that in the future no ''"undesirable foreigners"'' would settle on those territories.〔''Historia Polski'', Vol. III 1850/1864-1918, Part 2 1850/1864-1900, edited by Polska Akademia Nauk (Academy of Sciences ), Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Warsaw 1967, p. 684.〕 The order was executed upon all non-Prussian citizens regardless of their long term residence or previous service in the Prussian Army, and despite their state of health, age or sex. The expellees were "driven in mass towards the eastern border under blows of gendarmes' rifle butts".〔Józef Feldman, ''Bismarck a Polska'', Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Warsaw 1966, p. 323.〕 Fatal incidents were being reported, as the expulsions were carried in winter time.〔 In the initial months nearly 26,000 persons were expelled from eastern provinces of Prussia,〔 mainly workers and craftsmen employed there. The expulsions were continued in subsequent years. Until 1890 the number of expellees exceeded 30,000,〔〔(Polska.pl -Skarby Dziedzictwa Narodowego - Katalog Skarbów - Rugi pruskie )〕 and the border of Prussia was closed to all migrants of Polish ethnicity.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Prussian deportations」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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